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New Media in Music

Music!

History

The history of audio storage and reproduction has changed over the last century as a result of new and better technology that improves the quality and convenience of the storage medium. Through new media technologies, the approach to music has been revolutionized.

Phonograph Cylinder [[1]]

The phonograph was invented by Thomas Edison on July 18, 1877. Many other inventors followed by modifying and studying this invention, including Alexander Graham Bell. A phonograph cylinder was the earliest device that was used for reproducing and recording medium. In 1888, Edison perfected the invention and made the cylinders out of wax. The sound was recorded onto the wax and marketed to the public that same year. The sound could be played over 100 times. The standard size was around 4 inches long, 2¼ inches in diameter, and could play up to two minutes of music or other sounds. [1]

Piano (Music) Roll[[2]]

The Piano Roll consists of a roll of paper with holes of various lengths in a certain position that indicates the notes and positions of sounds to be played on the piano. It is placed over a "tracker bar" and produces the appropriate sounds as the music roll unravels. It has evolved to include playback for mechanical instruments including the player piano, mechanical organ, and electronic carillon.

Phonograph Record

12-inch vinyl record

The phonograph record, most commonly known as the Vinyl, Vinyl Record or Record, is a medium of audio storage and playback that started being popular in the 1940s. Co-existing with its predecessor, the photograph Cylinder, the phonograph record uses a plastic known as polyvinyl chloride.[3][2]. The medium resembles a large disk and has two sides, an A and B side that plays one half of an album. When one side of the disk is finished, it can be flipped to the other side to continue playing the rest of the record.

A record player functions by using a needle called a stylus to vibrate acoustic frequencies when the record is rotating at a correct pre-determined speed based on the size of the record. Popular speeds, known as rpm, or revolutions per minute, include the 78rpm, 33(1/3)rpm and 45rpm. [3]

Compact Cassette[[4]]

The compact cassette uses magnetic tape to record and play audio. It was originally used only for dictaphone but increases in quality allowed the Compact Cassette to replace the 8-track. It is also known as the cassette tape, audio cassette, cassette, or tape. It was most common in the '70s and '80s. It is made of two spools that play and wind the magnetic tape that runs through it. It is capable of playing up to an hour of recorded audio, with 30 minutes of recording time on each side.

8-Track [[5]]

Created in 1964 in collaboration with Bill Lear of Lear Jet Corporation, along with Ampex, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Motorola, and RCA Victor Records (RCA), the 8 track tape is another magnetic tape recording mechanism. Later versions are known as the Quad 8 or Q8. It was designed to give off the prerecorded sound and introduced the opportunity for others to record their own. This sparked the possibility of voice dictation. In 1967 each Ford automobile came with a player for 8-track tapes, popularizing it further.

Digital Versatile Disk [[6]]

Compact Disc (CD)

Popularly known as a DVD, it was developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Time Warner in 1995. It is capable of storage of up to 7 times more than a compact disk of data including audio, video, and other media formats. These can be recorded onto the disk through DVD recorders and some (DVD+R format) can be erased and re-recorded as many times as desired. The emergence of the DVD eliminated tape playback systems such as cassette and VCR players.

Compact Disk

A .mp3 file, the most popular digital format

Commonly known as the CD, the compact disk was designed to store music audio recordings and adapter further to carry data information. It was invented by James T. Russell in the 1960s, further patented and licensed by companies such as Philips and Sony. A standard compact disc format was introduced in 1979. [4] A compact disk contains specific dimensions, scanning velocity, program area, wavelength, and so forth. Below is a diagram to compare the perimeters of CDs and later audio playback mechanisms.

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Digital Formats

Due to the advent of the modern personal computer, the digitalization of music onto audio files has been the predominant method of storing and playing back music. [5] The most popular audio files include .mp3, .wacc, .m4a, and .flac. Each of these formats has its own advantages and disadvantages including music quality, file size, copyright protection, and user accessibility. The popularization of the Internet has allowed users to share these files, manipulate them, and reproduce the files seamlessly.

Music Streaming and Internet Radio

With new-age download services and peer-to-peer media downloading, people resorted to several different ways to listen to the music they want without having to ever commit their device's memory to the songs. What rose from the dying radio age was Internet Radio.

Instead of buying an iPad and downloading song by song like the old days, a process that is very tedious and can take hours, days, or even weeks to complete, we have apps such as Spotify, Apple Music, and Soundcloud where we can immediately search for any song that we want and download it to our playlists, a process that takes a matter of seconds.

Streaming playlists excluding fan-created ones are used by nearly 60% of U.S. music streamers according to Nielsen music. Top 40 commercial radio programmers today often play what is popular on Spotify and Apple Music instead of breaking new music themselves.

The World's Largest Music Streaming Service

Chart showing the world's largest streaming service

As of 2016, Apple Music’s subscriber base has risen to 17 million 14 months into its launch, while Spotify's subscriber base just reached 40 million paying subscribers. In terms of paying subscribers, Spotify is first; however, according to research conducted by Ipsos on behalf of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), 82 percent of YouTube users utilize the platform to listen to music. YouTube has more than one billion users, which makes it the largest music streaming company on earth. [6]

Google Play Music All Access

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Google Play is a streaming service that offers online backup for the tunes on your hard drive. Once you upload your tracks to Google Play Music All Access, they become accessible on any device from anywhere in the world. This allows the user the ability to save storage space on multiple devices with music being stored on Google Play's Music All Access.

Like Spotify, Google’s 30-million-track catalog covers a great range of rarities and hits, including artists who’ve snubbed Spotify such as Thom Yorke’s band Atoms for Peace. If you can’t decide what to listen to, the service offers a Concierge feature (like Songza, which Google purchased last year), where Google’s algorithms try to predict what tracks constitute, say, a “Chardonnay soiree.” As seems de rigeur for any self-respecting on-demand music service, there are radio stations customizable by artists and your own taste.

Along with this lineup of Spotify-Esque powers, Google Play Music All Access currently offers one final arrow in its bow. Signing up now gives access to the invite-only beta of YouTube Music Key, a paid add-on that lets you stream music ad-free from YouTube’s gargantuan collection of classic tracks, rare mixes, hit singles, bootlegs, and other unofficial takes.[7]

Google Play Music has integrated features of the Songza App into their system to match up to the levels of big musical apps like Spotify and Pandora. Additionally, it works well with YouTube Red, which gives users a chance to work with both resources.[8]

Pandora

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Pandora was founded in 2000, by Will Glaser, Jon Kraft, and Tim Westergren. Pandora Internet Radio is a music streaming and automated music recommendation service. Pandora can be searched by genre, artist, album, or specific song title. Radio stations can be generated based on artists or genres that the user likes. You can create your own radio stations, but you are unable to pick specific songs to listen to. However, you can use the thumbs up and thumbs down feature on the screen to show whether you like the song on that specific station.[9] Additionally, advertisements are played between songs. This way the Pandora team can detect which songs are popular and can improve their radio stations. According to Statista, Pandora had about 81 million active users in 2016 and due to its popularity, the company was able to earn a profit of over 1.38 billion dollars. [10] The streaming service in 2016 was about 22 billion hours, which was the highest ever since the business started. [11]

Pandora came out in the Apple App Store in 2008, and went public in June 2011, and started out with a bang. The company rose 8.9 percent in its debut on the NYSE. [12]

Pandora is available only in The United States, New Zealand, and Australia. Pandora One is available at $.99 which eliminates ads, but only 5% of the approximate 250 million users are paying users. The rest use the service for free. During its 2011 fiscal year, Pandora reported $138 million in revenue with a $1.8 million net loss, excluding the cost of a special dividend associated with the IPO

In April 2017, it was announced that Pandora may team up with a private equity firm to increase their profits by expanding their business through partnership. [13]

Pandora is a great new media platform that enables users to get exposed to new songs, artists, and genres that they were not as comfortable or aware of before. Pandora is free of charge which makes the platform very easily accessible for all types of users. Pandora has become a leading music and podcast discovery platform which provides highly personalized listening experience to approximately 70 million users each month. New media has expanded from Pandora with applications such as Apple Music and Spotify. [14]

Songza

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Songza is a free internet radio service, bought by Google in July 2014. Songza was created in Long Island City, New York by Aza Raskin and Scott Robbin. Songza was purchased for more than 39 million dollars by Google.[15] This music app allows one to personalize their playlist, which is a major attraction to users because it gives them a sense of freedom. Google found this aspect of Songza profitable so they decided to buy it.

Songza relies on its cutback of advertisements, and allowance of more "skips" than Pandora to attract listeners. Songza also has a unique feature for helping listeners hone in on specific songs. Songza caters to moods, and time of day. Selections allow users to choose things like "music to relax to" or "having friends over." A Songza app was released in September 2011, and its success is attributed heavily to an expert team of music curators.

The app for Songza was released in August 2012 and reached the 1 million download mark just 70 days in. [16]

The Songza app and website has been integrated into Google Play Music. Google used Songza’s software and system features to upgrade its own musical system. Google allowed this app’s users to shift their playlists and songs into Google Play Music. [17]

iTunes Radio

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iTunes Radio, as a component of iTunes, was released in September 2013 with iOS 7 and runs as an in-app service. iTunes Radio is available for all iTunes users with an account, unlike Pandora and Songza which are both restricted by location. You do get ads every few songs but if you have an iTunes Match subscription you will be able to enjoy iTunes Radio ad-free. iTunes Match which will also allow you to upload your whole music library to the iCloud costs $120.00 for a yearly subscription, costing $9.99 a month.

Special features for iTunes Radio include specific genre selection, as well as time-specific songs (ie. early 90's or new pop). A special integration was that iTunes Radio is connected to iTunes rankings of songs through genres, so at any time the ranking in Pop will readjust to new Top songs (as there are playlists like Top 50 Pop, Top 50 Alternative, etc.).

Another very unique feature is the addition of Guest DJs. iTunes Radio will ask a professional musician to take over one station available for them to create a playlist of their favorite songs at the time while, of course, including some of their own. DJ's are chosen bi-weekly, to stay away from just using algorithms to create playlists. For the last two weeks of November, Katy Perry was chosen as Guest DJ. She was also iTunes Radio's first Guest DJ along with 30 Seconds to Mars for the release.

YouTube Red and YouTube Music

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Released in October 2015, YouTube Red is YouTube and Google's take on internet-based streaming services. Under YouTube Red, users can opt into YouTube Music. For a $9.99 fee each month, users can access music and music videos without ads using YouTube's new app. The app will include recommended playlists based on previous song searches, in addition to listening to music in the background of one's device. The main appeal of YouTube Red and YouTube Music compared to other music streaming services is that it has many more video and music options as well as it is powered by the best search engine in the world, that being Google.

Slacker

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There’s no shortage of internet radio with stations personalized around your personal music tastes, but Slacker is our favorite for its minimal, discovery-centric home page. Hit the search box with an artist, song, genre, or activity; entering “writing” (while writing this article, self-referentially enough) turned up an eponymous song by Woody Allen as well as an eclectic selection of stations including an ambient electronic station called Mensa Mix and Going Steady, a collection of love songs.

Like Songza, Slacker’s channels are curated by real people with a goal, as the site says, of forging those unexpected connections between songs that are the foundation of great radio. We love Slacker’s non-music channels, including live radio, news, sports, and weather.

Price: Free version with ads and max of six song skips per hour; $3.99 for ad-free and unlimited skips; $9.99 for offline playlists, on-demand streaming, and the ability to create radio stations based on artists.[18]

Soundcloud

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Soundcloud is an app that allows music producers to share their music with fans. Through this platform, users can upload mp3's and allow others to listen in and provide feedback. Soundcloud gives listeners the ability to keep up with their favorite artists, as fans can follow their profiles and be notified when a new track is released. This app has become very popular for sharing music via social networking sites as well. You can easily connect your Soundcloud to your Facebook, and even follow the music activity of your friends who use the app as well. One individual who found his fame through this route was Chance the Rapper. Without selling a single song, he promoted his Soundcloud through multiple media platforms and eventually won a Grammy. The availability of this app includes the Apple store and Google Play. It is also accessible on its website. [19]

In recent times, artists are not the only group of people that post their songs for their fans and prospective fans to listen to their music, but users of this app can also add a different kind of music as well. There has been various report of people who use this and listen to songs that were not posted by the artist or their management but were posted by users. it is not certain if this is for or against Soundcloud's policies but hopefully, with time, there would be some level of improvement of their operational techniques.

These new media platforms has changed the way new artists are singing deals with the major record labels. In the past the whole appeal of the label is that they would've found some undiscovered talent and promise to turn them into a star. Now, these artists already have a following, due to the ease of getting listened to with sound cloud. Now when pitching to the major labels they show that they have a prior following and use this as leverage. Which is something that is allowed through the implementation of new media

Spotify

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Spotify is a music streaming platform with a large selection of music, containing over 20 million songs. However, some artists do not allow Spotify to stream their music. Most notably, Taylor Swift removed all her songs out from Spotify in November 2014.[20] Users who subscribe to Spotify Premium are able to save and download songs to their own account and make the songs "available offline" so that one can listen to music when there is no internet service available such as in trains and airplanes. They also have the benefit of no periodical advertisements that free users must listen to in order to continue using Spotify. A subscription for Spotify Premium is $9.99/month.[21] The platform has also introduced a students' discount at a rate of $4.99/month, 50% off the normal premium. Also, with a Spotify Premium for Students subscription, one is also given access to Hulu as well. All college students are eligible for a Spotify Premium membership! You just need to verify that you attend college. [22]

Spotify also offers a family plan for two individuals at $14.99 a month, and for five individuals at $29.99 a month. Spotify can also act as online radio and can be downloaded as an application on desktop computers. It picks the user's most listened to songs and can create stations geared towards different genres. Additionally, Spotify allows the user to create playlists of the songs that he or she likes and share these songs with friends and family via social media sites such as Facebook. Spotify allows its users to follow friends to see what they have been listening to. This creates a community for fans to follow their favorite artists, and this enables fans to be up to date with the latest music releases from their favorite artists.[23]

Spotify is the most popular streaming service. This music streaming site has double the amount of users as Apple Music. Spotify has changed the competitive atmosphere in the music-sharing industry because its technology is bringing in massive profits. There are about 100 million subscribers and 30 million of those subscribers are paying customers who have a Premium subscription.[24]

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A question many ask is how Spotify compares to Apple Music. Spotify pays about 70 percent of its revenues to artists who are owners of the content, while Apple pays a higher rate. [25] Although both music options allow you to browse over 30 million songs, Apple Music allows you to integrate your own music into their music platform. Spotify offers a compilation playlist called "Discover Weekly". Every Monday morning it updates, and it presents to the user a two-hour playlist of personal listening recommendations. Spotify excels at being able to share and create collaborative playlists with others. Apple Music is $9.99 per month like Spotify. However, Spotify also offers a student discount for currently enrolled individuals. Another area Spotify beats out Apple Music is when it comes to social media integration. Spotify allows you to share playlists through Facebook, but on Apple music, this option is unavailable. Additionally, Spotify has fascinating and unique features such as the "running feature" which tracks the speed at which the listener is running and plays songs with the same BPM as their tracked footsteps. Another feature is the "mood" playlist presets where Spotify has a collection of pre-made playlists that are labeled by different moods such as sleep, calm, and party to fit the mood of the user's current state of mind.[26]

Before internet music streaming came into prevalence, many emerging artists had a difficult time getting their work and talent recognized. Thanks to revelations in internet technology and fast streaming capabilities, talented artists have an easier way to promote their music, and it gives them the chance to finally find success in the music industry. Spotify promotes new artists in a program called RISE. RISE helps new artists get their music heard by users and potential new fans. With Spotify's 140 million listeners and the support of Delta, new artists have a much bigger chance at living out their dream of being a true recording artist. [27]

Apple Music is Spotify’s most dangerous competitor. Apple, Google, and Amazon Music have proven to be worthy competitors, but Apple has a better chance of beating Spotify. This is because of the culture that exists around the Apple brand. When Apple Music was released Apple would promote it in the App store over other streaming services. Apple would do so with the other apps in the Apple Ecosystem. Apple would do this to gain an advantage over other apps, such as Spotify, Amazon Music, Tidal. The Apple Ecosystem consisted of Apple Music, Apple Video, Apple News, iPhone, and iPads. Spotify believes that investing in podcasts is a worthy gamble because it can become profitable in the long run with their help. Spotify hopes to shape the podcast industry in the same way that the video industry has changed. Spotify has tried to produce original video content relating to music but didn’t work out and the chief content officer Stefan Blom left in 2018 after being put in charge of the company’s idea, which stopped and gained no traction.” This is a good idea because Spotify is known as an audio-streaming service. Even though music is its primary focus, podcasts have the ability to become more popular on the app.

Apple Music

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Apple Music is Apple's new streaming platform that was introduced on June 30, 2015. Subscribers pay a flat fee and will have access to Apple's 30 million song library. The music you listen to is not saved onto your Apple device; it works just like Spotify and Pandora. Apple Music consists of Beats 1, which is a worldwide live broadcast from DJs in New York, Los Angeles, and London. It also features interviews with popular artists. Apple Music also offers curated playlists, in which real people give you suggestions on songs you might like, based on the music you have already listened to. Connect is another feature, that is an artist based social network where fans can follow artists. Artists like Pharrell Williams, Drake, Bastille, and Pearl Jam already have profiles you can follow. The subscription is $9.99 per month or $14.99 a month for family subscriptions of up to 6 people, in which iCloud Family Sharing needs to be set up. If you are a student, they cut the payment in half so you only need to pay 4.99 per month. Apple Music will be available to Android phones as well, starting Fall 2015. [28]

Tidal

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Tidal is a high-quality subscription audio streaming service that features high definition music videos and twenty-five million songs for all users. There is currently no free subscription option available for users; people have the option to pay the $9.99 monthly fee for regular service or $19.99 monthly fee for "high fidelity, lossless audio" which is the highest quality audio available in the streaming market.

The company was purchased by Jay-Z from the Swedish company Aspiro, and his mission has been to promote the new service as a business "owned by artists". The service promises higher royalties to artists, exclusive fan content to users such as early access to new music, and exclusive access to live concerts. Jay Z wanted to establish a new media platform that will allow special content to be available under a high-quality platform. He bought Tidal for $56 million and the content that is displayed under this online platform is up to the artists that utilize it to display their work.[29] Everything in Tidal is high quality and it has a fast streaming service. Since users have to pay for this service, this system sometimes releases exclusive content. Jay Z used this type of new media to release Beyoncé’s new album “Lemonade” in 2016.[30] Tidal gained many subscriptions because everyone was curious and excited for the famous artist’s album.

TIDAL is still fairly new and is facing criticism for the lack of a "free" option, but the brand's wide support by artists such as Kanye West, Alicia Keys, J Cole, Madonna, Daft Punk, etc. portrays the company as truly a "platform that will bring value back to music". [31]

Amazon Music

Amazon.com. Launched in public beta on September 25, 2007, in January 2008 it became the first music store to sell music without digital rights management (DRM) from the four major music labels (EMI, Universal, Warner Music, and Sony BMG), as well as many independents. All tracks were originally sold in 256 kilobits-per-second variable bitrate MP3 format without per-customer watermarking or DRM; however, some tracks are now watermarked. Licensing agreements with recording companies restrict the countries in which music can be sold: Amazon.com only sells music to US customers while Amazon.co.uk only sells music to UK customers.

After the United States, Amazon MP3 was launched in the United Kingdom on December 3, 2008, in Germany on April 1, 2009, and in France on June 10, 2009. The German edition has been available in Austria and Switzerland since December 3, 2009. The Amazon MP3 store was launched in Japan on November 10, 2010. The Spanish and Italian editions were launched on October 4, 2012.

Amazon launched Amazon Cloud Player as an extension to the Amazon MP3 store in the United States on March 29, 2011.

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In October 2016, Amazon launched Amazon Music Unlimited. The company's spokesman says "Amazon Music Unlimited will provide users with tens of millions of songs, and thousands of curated playlists and personalized stations played on Echo, the Amazon speaker. The Amazon speaker is controlled by voice commands through Amazon Alexa." The Wall Street Journal also quotes knowledgeable sources saying Amazon plans to open a number of brick and mortar convenience stores, with the first store in Seattle. [32] Subscriptions start at $7.99 a month or $79 a year for Prime members and $9.99 a month for non-members. [33]

Djay2

djay 2

Djay2 is the next best-selling DJ app. What specifically makes this application unique is the ability to use Spotify playlists to DJ [34]. This application transforms your iPad or iPod into a full DJ system. The user interface is so simple that anyone can use this app. It does not matter if you are a beginner or an expert. As stated before, it offers Itunes and Spotify integration. It offers features such as auto mix, audio FX, looping, cue points, live recording, and much more. For those lovers of Spotify, I strongly recommend this application.

TuneIn Radio

TuneIn Radio

TuneIn Radio is own by TuneIn Inc, a privately owned company [35]. Their headquarters are in San Fransisco, California and where most of their operations are held. [36]. It was originally founded by Bill Moore as RadioTime. This app offers over 100,000 live radio stations and 4 million on-demand programs from around the world. Users can listen to podcasts, live radio from stations all over America, or specialize radio stations for specific artists[37]. TuneIn Radio features over 50 million active monthly users. Some of which are not in America. This app is available on iOS and Android devices.

Musical.ly

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Musical.ly was first introduced in 2014 founded by CEO Alex Zhu and co-CEO Louis Yang but didn't become popular until 2015. Musical.ly is an app that utilizes popular videos and the user's camera allowing the user to make videos as if it was a music video. These videos are typically 15 seconds long and involve lip-syncing and dancing to some of the top hits. More than 10 million people use the app daily and produce videos every day. 70 million people have already registered as a Musical.ly user. At the beginning of forming the company, Alex Zhu was unsure of the future of Musical.ly and was afraid that due to its slow growth it may not be able to last long in the business industry. In April of 2015, small tweaks were made to ensure that viewers could easily find the source of the videos by adding the Musical.ly logo in the corner of the videos. This caused an explosion in Musical.ly's popularity, and two months later on July 6, 2015, Musical.ly reached the number one app on Itunes.[38]

Musical.ly appeals to a lot of teenagers and a younger audience with its unique features. Millions of videos can be watched at a quick rate. Some of the most popular users of Musical.ly are as young as age thirteen and already have millions of followers/ supporters. The top three users of Musical.ly are Loren Beech, Jacob Sartorious, and Ariel Martin. Loren Beech is fourteen years old, Jacob Sartorious is thirteen years old, and Ariel Martin is fifteen years old respectively.[39] With this popularity, these users have been able to expand and do other types of videos such as Jacob Sartorius who has made 2 different music videos which both have over a million views. Now with Vine shutting down, Musical.ly has become the dominant medium for entertaining short videos. Musical.ly is much more well known to younger audiences and is known for making young users famous overnight. [40]

Today, Musical.ly is known as Tik Tok. Tik Tok was launched in 2017. Both apps shared the same parent company, ByteDance. The company spent $1.2 Billion merging both apps into what is known as Tik Tok. [41]

Smule

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Smule established in 2008 and is a developer of social music products for mobile phones, including Sing! Karaoke, Magic Piano, etc. The goal is to "connecting the world through music". The user selects a song and sings it as a solo, duet, or group performance. The performance is uploaded to Smule's database, where anyone can listen. If the user wants to record both video and audio, video recording mode can be enabled. If the user does not want to allow others to listen to their recording, the private flag can also be enabled. Smule's VIP membership subscription costs $0.99 per month and $9.99 per year. VIP privileges include the ability to remove advertisements while singing and singing with the co-singers.[42]

iHeartRadio

iHeartRadio

iHeartRadio is one of the fastest-growing streaming services in the industry, wholly owned by media conglomerate iHeartMedia. Founded in 2008, iHeartRadio uses the strength of the iHeartMedia terrestrial radio stations, 857 of them across the country, and streams them all live across the service. Along with the terrestrial stations, iHeartRadio offers marketers and advertisers the opportunity to promote their brands not only on the terrestrial station but also across the digital platform. As of November 2016, iHeartRadio has had over 90 million subscribers, along with iHeartMedia's nearly 250 million person reach per month across its entire media function. In December 2016, iHeartRadio was the first streaming radio service to offer premium services at $4.99 and $9.99, named Plus and All Access respectively. [43] These premium services offer on-demand music choices, streaming off-line without using data from wireless providers, and unlimited skips on the All Access version. The success of iHeart has stemmed from the success of the terrestrial stations, the growth of its digital sector, and the success of its live events such as iHeartRadio Music Festival, Z100/Y100/KIIS Jingle Balls, and iHeart80's Party.

Sirius XM Satellite Radio

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Sirius XM Satellite Radio is an American broadcasting company that provides three satellite radio and online radio services operating in the United States: Sirius Satellite Radio, XM Satellite Radio, and Sirius XM Radio. [44]

Satellite radio is just what its name suggests, a radio service that uses satellites circling Earth to broadcast its programming. In 1992, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated a satellite spectrum for the broadcasting of satellite-based digital audio radio service (DARS). It eventually granted two licenses, one to Sirius Satellite Radio (formerly CD Radio) and one to XM Satellite Radio (formerly American Mobile Radio Corporation).

There are two advantages to obtaining a satellite radio subscription. First, every channel usually is commercial-free. This should prove to be quite appealing to radio listeners tired of having to listen to the same advertisements constantly on a daily basis. Most music channels have no advertising at all. The second advantage is that no matter where you are in the continental United States you get the same reception which is crystal clear. This contrasts traditional radio, which loses reception once you're too far away from a certain station, satellites ensure you receive a signal no matter where you are in America. A driver could trek all the way from New York City to Los Angeles and never have to change the channel.

A Sirius XM Radio subscription costs about $13 a month, alongside the cost of equipment and a small activation fee. For this price, Sirius XM listeners can receive more than 100 channels of satellite radio, including music ranging from classical to heavy metal, plus news, sports, talk, and entertainment.

[45]

Grooveshark

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Grooveshark is a web-based music streaming service owned and operated by Escape Media Group in the United States.[46] This site allows users to upload audio files, stream music, and organize them into their own playlists that could be shared amongst other users. Grooveshark was founded on March 30, 2006, by Sam Tarantino, Josh Greenberg, and Andres Barreto. The site is completely free of charge and the only requirement needed to use the site is to create a free account with them. Much like the other streaming sites, users could use the search bar to look for a specific song or artist, or they could even browse based on popularity and genre.

YouTube and YouTube Music

YouTube Music

In October 2015, Google announced YouTube Music, a subscription-based service that will coincide with its existing Google Play Music and YouTube Premium services. With one subscription ranging from $7/month for students to $14.99/month for all other members, customers will have access to YouTube Premium, an ad-free experience for YouTube with additional exclusive content, Google Play Music, an online library for music aggregation and music playback and YouTube Music, for consumers that use YouTube as a music-listening platform. For a subscription to just YouTube Music, customers will only have to pay $9.99/month. [47]

Unlike Spotify and Apple Music, YouTube Music puts an equal emphasis on music and music videos, with the user having the option of watching a given associated music video with each song. That said, the platform still allows users to save and playback artist albums, singles, and compilations. The streaming platform works with any associated YouTube account and will associate music-based videos watched on YouTube in recommending music through its Music platform. Because YouTube Music is backed by YouTube, users have access to uploaded content from other creators as well as concerts posted by artists on their YouTube page. [48]

Up until the adoption of YouTube Music, YouTube and Google have had concerns regarding copyright infringement on their video streaming platform. Users were unable to simply upload music on the platform due to retaliation by large music labels citing copyright infringement. [49] In response, throughout the late '10s and early 2010s, YouTube has been strictly removing videos with music infringement. Despite actions preventing users from uploading music owned by the major labels, Youtube has since relieved a lot of the previous sanctions so long as users forfeit monetization of their videos. YouTube as a whole has since settled lawsuits with the major record companies to allow monetization of their music, largely in part by the increased demand for streaming services such as Spotify and Apple Music. The company, however, continues to remove music infringement if the video does not appropriate source the material and attempts to monetize it for the user's benefit. [50]

TikTok

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TikTok is an iOS and Android social media app for creating and sharing short music videos. It is similar to karaoke in real life. It was formerly known as musical.ly. It was created in China, and owned by ByteDance (launched in 2016). It gained popularity outside of China in 2018 and became the most downloaded app in the United States in 2018. It comes in 75 languages and has more than 500 million users. It's short videos can be compared to Twitter's Vine app, which was shut down in 2017. 60% of its users are from the age group 16 to 24 years old. One of the bigger trends to appear on TikTok was Lil Nas X's song "Old Town Road." Millions of users used his song to create videos of them pretending to be cowboys and cowgirls. This is the reason the actual song became popular and was once number one on Billboard's Hot 100. [51]

TikTok has been a great place for it’s top creators to share content with their followers. Charli D’Amelio, Addison Rae, Zach King, Loren Gray, etc. As of December 7th, 16 year old Charli D’Amelio has gained 102.4 million followers in the year that she has been a creator on TikTok. Due to her following on TikTok she has been able to increase her following on her other social media platforms such as Instagram (37.7 M) and Twitter (4.9 M). She has also been able to create a brand for herself through creating a book, creating a ring light for potential creators, collaborating with other brands such as Orosa Beauty, and creating a podcast with her sister. TikTok has given her a chance to explore lots of new opportunities.

There have been a lot of trends on TikTok that have helped musicians get their music out to a wider audience and helped those who hope to become musicians grow a decent following so that record companies will sign with them. Some of the most popular songs on TikTok as of November 2020 are “My Type” by Saweetie, “I’m Just a Kid” by Simple Plan, “LaLaLa” by Y2K & bbno$, “Blinding Lights” by The Weeknd, “WAP” by Cardi B feat. Megan Thee Stallion, etc. [52] When the song “Savage” by Megan Thee Stallion first came out, a creator named Keara Wilson created a dance to it that started to trend on TikTok, the Savage Challenge. Popular creators were dancing Keara Wilson’s choreography to the song. Not only that, but it reached the song creator herself, Meghan Thee Stallion. [53] From there TikTok provided Keara Wilson with a chance to chase her dreams. Meghan Thee Stallion used Wilson’s dance in her lyric video to the “Savage.”

In July 2020, TikTok faced a possible banning in the US. The US government was fearful of “China spying and mining data from Americans” through the app. [54] There were many cases where a date had been set to ban the app, but then the date would change, giving creators more time to either say goodbye to the following they worked so hard to gain or to petition against the banning of TikTok. Eventually a compromise was made; “To mitigate this fear, ByteDance appointed a new CEO of TikTok in May 2020: Kevin Mayer, who’s an American based in TikTok’s Los Angeles office.” [55] Now TikTok creators are less fearful of losing all the work that they put into the app.

In order to help support those that create content, TikTok made a creator’s fund in August 2020. The TikTok Creator Fund allows people to get paid for their creativity on the app. This new initiative planned to “distribute $200 million to users over the age of 18, with minimum 10K followers, who've amassed minimum 10K views in the last 30 days.” [56] While it doesn’t pay much to be a part of the TikTok Creator Fund, it’s more than they were getting before they joined. However, some users have complained that since joining the program, their engagement has gone down on the material that they post. They have noticed that they are no longer being seen on TikTok’s homepage also known as the For You Page. Stephanie Hind, “on TikTok's talent management and operations team” [57] reassures participants in the program that the fund doesn’t affect their views. The program works in a way that pays creators based on the amount of views they receive.

Deezer

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Deezer is a French online music streaming service. It allows users to listen to music content from record labels, including Universal Music Group, Sony Music, and Warner Music Group as well as podcasts on various devices online or offline. Deezer is better than other music media in terms of sound quality. Deezer's free subscribers can enjoy 128kbps, while for paid users, standard subscribers can enjoy 320kbps, and HIFI plan users can enjoy FLAC quality, which is also the highest quality. The FLAC quality of this 16 Bit / 44.1 kHz compressed stream is the closest you can get to the audio enjoyment of analog recording. This is also a huge advantage for Deezer. Deezer allows you to connect different devices. Desktop computers, wearable devices, speakers, cars, etc. But you can only connect three devices at a time, which means you need to remove one previously connected device before connecting the fourth device. For most users, this will not be a problem. You can solve this problem by subscribing to a family plan, which will connect six devices at the same time.[58]When it comes to numbers, Deezer has the advantage with more than 53 million licensed tracks. I think I owe this to its wide applicability, covering 185 countries, while Spotify only covers 92 countries and has a collection of about 40 million licensed tracks. Deezer also provides more than 30,000 radio channels including entertainment, news, and blogs.[59][60]


Live Streaming Services

V Live App

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V Live App (Stylized as VLive) is a South Korean live streaming service owned by Naver Corporation and launched in August 2015. The app was promoted by uploading teaser videos with K-Pop groups that would have channels when the app launches (e.g. BTS, Got7, B1A4, Monsta X, etc). Ever since the launch of the VLive, promoting new releases and albums have changed in the South Korean music industry. One of the main features that VLive focuses on is the many languages available for their subtitled content. This is also one of the main reasons why the app has gained a lot of popularity even with international users. In addition to reducing the language barriers, fans and artists are able to interact in a new way through random/surprise live streams, comeback live streams, and sometimes pre-recorded series. During live streams, artists are able to read live comments written by their fans, giving them an experience similar to video chatting. Fans are also able to make subscriptions to the channels of their favorite artists and gain access to exclusive content (i.e. photos and videos) or live streams. The App also has a heart accumulation feature that would help fans win certain rewards during events. It makes the experience of interacting with your favorite idols more of an intimate interaction rather than tweeting them or seeing their posts on social media.[61]

Now, major South Korean broadcasting channels (like Mnet, SBS, and MBC) are also available on VLIVE. Through the app, these broadcasting giants are able to reach a larger audience by tapping into the international market. People from all over the world now have more access to South Korean shows and content. Like other Naver Corporation products, VLive is also accessible via laptops and tablets so users can enjoy watching anywhere, anytime.

Music Annotation

Genius

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There are a plethora of music lyric websites on the internet but nothing compares to the music annotation website RapGenius [62] Originally starting off as a strictly Hip-Hop website that allows users to explain line-by-line rap lyrics, the company has evolved into a music annotation website for all music genres. In 2014, the website name evolved to simply "["Genius.com"] to apply the wide genres available. [63] Users can now add annotations for alternative rock music to Shakespeare Sonnets, and it provides knowledge to many people that always wanted to know what certain lyrics really mean.

Genius started as a platform for annotating clever rap lyrics— with the original name of Rap Genius. Over the years, Genius has expanded to include more than hip-hop, and more than just lyrics. With the understanding that "every song has a story that needs to be told," Genius aims to have the biggest names in the music industry—including Travis Scott, Billie Eilish, and Ariana Grande— give the world insight into their art. [64]

Music Technology

Kaoss Pads/ Beatboxing

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Percussionists have a vast variety of technology that helps them create the sounds of instruments and digital sounds. Vocal percussionists, however, use their mouth alone. Beatboxing is a relatively new skill in music when we look at the large expanse of instruments that have come about in the past few centuries. We hear it in many freestyle raps and often even a capella songs. Kaoss Pads are a technology that helps beatboxers combine the different sounds made by their own mouths and create tunes. "In 1998, the first-generation Kaoss Pad exploded onto the DJ/music scene with touchpad-based effect control. Since then, the overwhelming acceptance and popularity of the X-Y touchpad are evident in many Korg products" [65] In 2013, beatboxer Tom Thum held a TED Talk titled, "Orchestra in my mouth". He performed classics, movie soundtracks, cultural tunes, and as a closing note, he used a variety of different instrument sounds to create a unique jazz bar song. The Kaoss Pads allowed him to mix the sounds of a clarinet, a drum, some chimes, and other tunes and by the end, with the tunes he played into a mic that looped and repeated as he pleased, it sounded like there was a full orchestra playing in the Sydney Opera House. That is the power of Kaoss Pads.

A capella Apps

Acapella is music created with only vocal sounds. This is not beatboxing in the manner that a vocal solo, humming, and other tunes are also a capella. This style of music has been popularized in movies like Pitch Perfect 1, 2, and 3. While a capella, when performed, is done so in a group, having many talented singers together at once is not always an option. Instead, there are apps that allow one to overlay their own voice over their voice multiple times in order to create a whole song. In apps such as Vine, one would be able to listen to a song on their headphones and follow the specific sound that they were vocalizing, and then repeat this process many times with the rest of the sounds. Apps like PicPlayPost and Vidstitch are "Acapella singing [apps that] use a multitrack tool to create multi-frame music videos". Most apps allow for a maximum of 9 separate frames for one to record each separate instrument, notes, or phrase which gives a better visual element that helps viewers see how the artist put the song together. [66]

Music Recognition

Shazam

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Shazam is an application that helps users to identify song titles by listening to the song. Shazam launched in 2008 as one of the first applications that premiered on Apple's App Store. This application uses access to your mic and searches the sound that it picks up and matches it to an existing song if possible. Shazam has allowed many music listeners to explore different genres that may not be usually listened to. After identifying the song and providing users with song titles and artist, users have the option to purchase the song, which can encourage music sales. [67] Many companies have been encouraging the use of Shazam during their television advertisements for audiences to retrieve more information.

As of 2014, Shazam has partnered with Siri in order to help identify songs with more precise accuracy. This feature was included in the recent IOS 8 update for the latest Apple products[68]. So instead of having to unlock your Apple device, swipe to the app screen, and having to wait for it to launch, you can now just ask Siri to identify the song for you. You simply ask Siri questions like "What song is this?", "Shazam this", or "What`s this song Siri?" to activates Siri`s Shazam powered program[69]. It is a great new feature that saves time. However, if you don`t prefer this method, the app will still be available for download. The Shazam app has more than 100 million monthly active users and has been used on more than 500 million mobile devices. In October of 2014, Shazam announced its technology has been used to identify 15 billion songs.

Soundhound

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Soundhound is a program that allows a person that is in search of a song, to find that song based on allowing the application to hear a sample of the song. The program uses a phone's microphone, or even, allows a user to sing or hum the lyrics or music, and in turn, searches through the database of music and finds a similar song. It functions similar to Shazam, differing with the layout and interface of the applications.

Siri

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Siri is a computer program on Apple devices that recognizes voice commands and acts as a personal assistant to the user. On Apple Devices with data, you can lift your device up to the music and ask Siri to identify the song for you. Siri will give you a response in just a matter of a few seconds. With Siri, a person is able to send text messages, make phone calls, and search for things on the internet by saying the command starting with the phrase "Hey Siri". However, Siri like other computer programs has its cons and at times has trouble recognizing words. Siri can help play songs from your song library as well by simply telling it the song's name. You can skip songs too. While telling Siri to do another task while playing music, the music would stop and continue once Siri has completed the task.

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Google Play Sound Search

The Google Now Sound Search widget is a capability offered by Google Inc. for its mobile phone users. To use this widget, users must first download the capability. The Sound Search widget can be accessed on a mobile phone's home screen to recognize music and sounds in the user's environment. After identifying the song, the Sound Search widget also offers the user the option of purchasing the identified song straight from Google Play and adds it to the user's Play Music library. The Sound Search widget is free to use. [70]



Music Communities

The rise of the Internet and community groups has led to the creation of online music communities, where members interact to catalog, listen to, review and discuss music of all genres and popularity. The following are prominent internet music communities that aggregate information, music files and audio samplings of the music world.

Notable Music Communities

Myspace, a haven for new music artists in the 2000s

MySpace

Originally a social media platform, due to the increasing decrease in popularity in MySpace, the company announced in 2005 that it would be focusing on becoming a music platform for upcoming artists. [71] Despite decreasing membership, the company reported in 2014, that over 50+ million songs were uploaded to the platform. Many artists owe their starts to Myspace including Arctic Monkeys, Owl City, Sean Kingston to name a few. The website would become a haven for new artists to gather a fanbase by interacting with its community and releasing music. MySpace became one of the Internet's humblest music database websites. However, it was announced in 2019 that MySpace lost over 12 years of music ranging from 2003 and 2015 including the demos of various startup bands and artists. [72]

Rate Your Music

Rate Your Music, RateYourMusic.com, known as RYM, is a collaborative online database created in 2000, where users mass aggregate information concerning artists, albums, music, and films. Users are encouraged to upload information about albums, re-releases, variations, tracklists, and the context surrounding the artist's projects. Users can then review the cataloged albums with a 5-star rating system, allowing users to write in-depth analyses. The website then aggregates every review and outputs the community's average consensus rating on albums. The highest-rated album on the platform is Radiohead's Alternative Rock album "OK Computer" with a rating of 4.21 based off of over 49,000 votes.

Users can create and customize profiles and share their interests in music, artists and genres with other members. The website also provides users with unlimited lists for users to create or browse the library of content within the website. The forum-based website also allows users to engage in discussions on any topic of music in community forum threads. The ability of user-generated lists and threads has birthed communities of all genres including mumble rap and Japanese new wave music thus the website is known for its in-depth sub-communities that exist within discussing every faction of music.

The Needle Drop

Anthony Fantano reviewing an album on "The Needle Drop"

Youtube music journalist Anthony Fantano has created a living music discussion community with his music review series "The Needle Drop". [73] The series revolves around Anthony Fantano as he discusses new music projects, classic albums, new track discussions, or Twitter Q&A discussions. Reviewing upwards of hundreds of albums a year, Anthony Fantano reviews music from all genres. The community is prolific for its various inside jokes or memes that have spread across the entire internet music community collective. Jokes that permeate the entire music community includes his controversial review of Kanye West's 2010 magnum opus My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, his fanbase referring him to "melon" due to his bald head, and Anthony Fantano's signature red and yellow flannels that he wears when reviewing bad and stellar albums, respectively. [74] The community continues to be one of the most engaging communities on YouTube, Twitter, and Reddit.

Reddit r/indieheads r/hiphopheads r/edm

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Reddit is an online multi-forum community social media platform that allows members to subscribes to communities known as "subreddits" to interact with other members with similar interests. These subreddits can range from r/trains, a subreddit dedicated to the discussion of trains to r/france, a discussion board concerning all things France.

Two large music communities exist within Reddit, r/indieheads, and r/hiphopheads. The online discussion forums have a combined 2.2+ million members discussing the Indie and Hip-Hop music scenes in depth. Members are encouraged to join in on music listening sessions, album discussions, and other general discussions. For example, r/indieheads have compiled a top 100 albums to listen to for beginner fans of Indie with r/hiphopheads following suit. [75] The two online communities also host artist interaction Q&A boards where members are able to ask artists questions to engage members.

Another large community found on Reddit is r/EDM. This subreddit is dedicated to electronic dance music and consists of over 675,000 members who regularly share their own videos of music festivals, post-EDM news which can consist of a DJ announcing retirement or even a new festival lineup. The community also comes together every week to post every new song that fits into the category of EDM on platforms like Spotify and create an entire playlist dedicated to the songs that came out the week of. Also, it is not uncommon for Reddit users to post plans for certain festivals and extend open invites to fellow Reddit users to jump in on.

Reddit EDM Wiki Picture

[76]

Music Charts

Music charts have been very important in the music industry and new media has allowed for music fans to be more involved in helping their favorite artist reach the top of the charts.

Notable Music Charts

Billboard

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Billboard is famous for having different charts of different genres ranging from Jazz, Pop, Hip-Hop to Rock. Billboard has existed since 1894 but migrated onto the internet in 1995. The most important ranking chart is the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The Billboard Hot 100 ranks the most popular songs in the U.S. each week. Billboard measures popularity by audience impression and lets fans know where their favorite artist is currently ranking. Billboard allows users to listen to available songs via Spotify and also allows users to share the rankings of certain songs via social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. The Billboard charts have been proven as a strong indicator of an artist's success as shown by their physical CD sales and now streaming numbers. The Billboard charts have incorporated streaming services towards sales numbers as of November 19th, 2014. With this new addition to Billboard's chart ranking, it was decided that 1,500 song streams from an album would count as one album sale. The Billboard charts also break the music up and rank them as genres as well as sub genres, in addition to the Hot 100 of all music. [77]

DjMag

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DjMag's list of Top 100 DJs is a good example of how new media has been incorporated into the music industry. Fans can vote for their favorite DJ in hopes that they will climb up the chart and become number one. Such methods are not only used by DjMag but have been very popular for award shows too. More award ceremonies are opening their voting process through social media allowing everyday citizens to have a larger impact on music rankings.

Impact on the Recording Industry

The digitization of music is one of the greatest threats to the music industry. Before the popularity of music on the internet, consumers could only access music on the radio, television, or by purchasing the mediums such as CDs at retail stores. The Internet has raised many legal and ethical issues in the music industry. The internet has made the piracy of music much easier, and P2P file sharing has allowed people to share unauthorized copies of music. The entertainment industry, including music and film, is one of the most strongly impacted by P2P file sharing. The music industry loses millions of dollars every year to file sharing, piracy, and illegal downloading.

Torrents are a new way to download music files illegally. Essentially how it works is someone uploads the file and another user downloads that file from the other server's computer. This action is multiplied by how popular the file is. It makes it so that no one person is responsible for the file but a long list of users around the world that are almost impossible to trace. Torrents are not limited to music but can also be used for movies, documents, and even textbooks.

According to the Wall Street Journal, the music industry’s new gatekeepers in the streaming era are the playlist professionals. Playlist professionals are music geeks employed by the biggest streaming music services such as Apple Music, Spotify, and Soundcloud to decide which pop, hip-hop and other genres appear on their playlists. Streaming being at 60% of the US record industry revenue they now have the power to control musics hit making machine. Tuma Bass according to several music industry experts is a top influencer. He is the global head of hip-hop at Spotify. He has 8.3 million followers. His playlists set the path for hip-hop the way New York radio station Hot 97 once did. [78]

Impact on the Live Entertainment Industry

Ticketmaster

Social media has been accepted and utilized throughout the music industry. Live entertainment companies such as Live Nation and AEG Live utilize various social media platforms and new media technologies to promote their upcoming shows. QR Codes can be used for concert tickets giveaways and promotions. Promotional budgets are set aside for various social media and banner ads are placed throughout popular music websites such as Revolver, Alternative Press, Ultimate-Guitar, Loudwire, and more. New Media plays a strong role in how live music is marketed to people and used to get people to attend live concerts. Old mediums such as physical flyers and radio ads are still utilized in tandem with the new media formats.

In February of 2009, Live Nation merged with Ticketmaster. Ticketmaster is leading for all forms of live entertainment, from music, sports, theater, and more. In 2014, concert ticket sales totaled 6.2 billion dollars, an all-time high. In an industry of declining record sales, live entertainment is still thriving and a billion-dollar industry. Mobile ticketing apps such as Ticketmaster Mobile and Stub Hub Mobile all play an important role in concert ticket sales, utilizing new media technologies.

Taylor Swift ranks first in Billboard's "Top Money-Makers of 2015"

With the advent of various streaming platforms, along with easily accessible means of pirating music, artists and record labels have profited less from actual sales of album or single units. As a result, special importance has been placed on revenue from touring. In Billboard Magazine's annual "Top Money-Makers of 2015" List, save Adele, the only artists who didn't tour, but sold 5.5 million copies of her latest album, 25, all but one artists' tour revenue outweighed their earnings from streaming and music sales -- by the millions in many cases.[79] The magazine also noticed this to be a continual pattern which will likely grow to be more prominent.

In 2016, Taylor Swift topped the list, earning $61.7M from touring, while making a combined $7.7M from sales and streaming and an additional $4.1M from publishing. A great deal of her sales and streaming revenue come from her hugely successful, multi-platinum 2015 album 1989. So for older artists with little to no new music like Billy Joel, who placed in the top five with $30.1M earned from touring alone, a focus on touring has a great effect on early profits.[80]

New Media's Impact on the Creation of Music

Sampling Technique

Akai S900

The emergence of new media has also played a huge role in how people create music. Throughout history, music has been fueled by creativity, and one of the most creative forms of music comes from sampling. Sampling is when an individual takes bits and pieces of a song (or even the whole song itself) and use it to create a whole new song. This tactic is used in many popular songs heard today, and help provide a new feel to the song. Sampling became a big part of music-making around the 1980s when the Akai S900 came into existence. The Akai S900 allowed people to manipulate and chop up 30 different sound files all at the same time. Before the emergence of social media and music streaming sites, artists frequented record stores to shop around and find a song they wanted to sample (which took a lot of time). Now, artists are one YouTube search or Spotify search away from finding a great song they want to sample, making the action easier, and allowing more individuals to be more creative. [81]

Logic Pro X[82]

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Logic Pro X is a digital music creation and mixing software offered by apple inc. This software turns a normal apple PC or laptop into a professional music creating tool. This software offers numerous features that come in handy for music producers. Some of the features are as follows. Multi-Touch mixing gives users the ability to control the mix from anywhere in the room with Multi-Touch faders to find the best sound. The drummer feature allows users to choose from dozens of drummers who each play in a different musical genre, and direct their performances using simple controls.

Logic Pro X goes beyond the average sequencer with an advanced set of options that let you record, edit, and manipulate MIDI performances. Transform a loose performance into one that locks tight into the groove using region-based parameters for note velocity, timing, and dynamics. Or tighten up your MIDI performances while preserving musical details like flams or chord rolls with Smart Quantize. As the user's song develops, Logic Pro X helps organize all the ideas and select the best ones. Group related tracks, audition alternate versions, and consolidate multiple tracks. Lightning-fast click-and-drag comping helps users build the best performance from multiple takes.

Music Notation transforms MIDI performances into music notation in real-time as the user play, creating perfectly readable notation even for a performance that may be less than perfect. Features in Exporting include Sharing projects and tracks with AirDrop, Mail Drop, or a comprehensive set of features for exporting stems. Logic Pro X also supports file transfer protocols like Final Cut Pro XML and AAF to move content between various professional music and video applications. There are hundreds of other features in the software which make the user experience smooth and easy.

FL Studio[83]

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FL Studio, also known as Fruity Loops, is a DAW (music production software) that was created by the Belgian Company Imange-LIne. Fruity Loops is primarily used by hip hop and edm producers. It can also be used for mixing and mastering tracks, which is also been utilized by many different artist or producers. FL studio although they also offer a mobile version, are primarily used on Windows as well as Mac OS.They have been utilized by major recording artists, and is a staple in the main stream music industry.

AutoTune[84]

Auto tune is a technology that allows its users to sing with perfect pitch. The way that it works, is that it corrects any error that the artist may have in pitch or hitting notes in real time. It is similar to an auto correct function as it requires no additional input after it is turned on. The use of auto tune was not really looked at as main stream, until rapper T-Pain featured it predominantly in all his work. Over time it has become more and more commonplace in modern music. Artists such as Kanye West and Travis Scott have been known as masters in auto tune, who turned the distinctive auto tune sound almost into an art form.

Impact on Music Collaborations

As a part of New Media, music artists come from all around the world. There are artists from South Korea (K-pop), Japan (J-pop), China (C-pop), United States (English pop), and many more. Along with creating and releasing their own music, some artists work together to release a collaboration music video. Collaborations can be within the same pop genre or multiple genres.

Wild For The Night

In 2013 predominant hip hop producer Skrillex, collaborated with rapper A$AP Rocky in order to produce the track wild for the night. Skrillex who primarily operated in the space of EDM and was a predominant producer in that field, he made the crossover to hip hop to work with a rapper to create the song. This would not have been as successful if it wasn't for the emergence of social media. The had a crossover of their followings, and both had gained a great deal of popularity working with one another.

Despacito

Released on January 13, 2017, Despacito by Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee was one of the most popular songs. It still remains popular as its music video is the 2nd most viewed video on YouTube with over 7 billion views. [85] However, along with its original, Luis Fonsi also collaborated with other music artists including Justin Bieber and JJ Linand created multiple versions of the song. [86],

Boy with Luv by BTS Feat. Halsey

Boy with Luv

Released on April 12, 2019, Boy with Luv was released by BTS, a South Korean Boy band as the title track for their 6th mini album: Map of the Soul: Persona, and it featured an American Singer named Halsey.[87] The song was hugely successful as its music video gained over a billion views on YouTube. It also led to BTS winning multiple Song of the Year Daesang (Grand Prize) on multiple award shows in South Korea. [88] Both Halsey and BTS performed on the song together multiple times including the 2019 Billboard Music Award and BTS Speak Yourself World Tour in Paris [89], [90].

Gangnam Style

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Released on July 15,2012, Gangnam Style was released by Psy who became a world famous K-pop star. "Gangnam Style" is one of the hit K-pop songs and many people followed his famous horse dancing. Psy attracted a great deal of popularity, and the number of YouTube views is over one billion. [91]

Ice Cream

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Released on August 28,2020. ice cream was released by Korean girl group BlackPink and it featured an American singer Selena Gomez. The music video hit over 400 million views on Youtube. The song was on US Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number 13. It was nominated for Best Collaboration at the MTV Europe Music Award and Music Video of 2020 at the People's Choice Awards. [92]

Public Performance Royalties for Internet Licenses

With respect to the musical composition, there are three (3) performing rights organizations in the U.S. -- ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC.

ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC collect public performance income with respect to musical compositions and all have various licenses that allow these Internet services, whether interactive or non-interactive, to perform all of the songs in each of their repertory.

These Internet licenses do not allow the reproduction or distribution of the songs (which would be handled through the record company) nor do they allow the pubic performance of the master recordings (which would be handled through SoundExchange).


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ASCAP[93]

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ASCAP currently offers three (3) types of Internet licenses. The first is a non-interactive license that does not allow consumers to download or otherwise select particular songs. The second type of license is an interactive license that does allow consumers to download or otherwise select particular songs. ASCAP’s third type of license authorizes the public performance of its songs in its repertory via wireless devices such as mobile phones. The fees paid to ASCAP by these Internet sites are based on revenue or activity of each Internet service. For more information please log onto the ASCAP website at www.ASCAP.com and click on “Customer Licenses” on the left side of the page.

BMI

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BMI’s main license type is one where fees are computed on a “gross revenue calculation” where music is the primary feature of the particular site or a "music area calculation” where music is only a part of the total website traffic for that particular site. For more information go to www.BMI.com.

SESAC

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[95]

SESAC also offers a license that provides for fees based on the number of monthly page requests as well as whether or not there is advertising on the site. For more information go to www.SESAC.com.


==+Webcasting Royalties==+

Interactive Subscription Services

“Interactive” services enable the consumer to interact with the service to hear a specific recording and to create personalized radio stations and playlists.

Examples: Rhapsody (through RealNetworks) and Napster. For a monthly subscription fee, these types of services offer continual non interrupted interactive streaming of music, which also allows the user to download tracks to a CD for a separate fee, sometimes as low as $0.79 per download.

Some music providers such as Yahoo also offer the streaming of music for free (downloads are separate) because they are funded through advertisers. As result, the streaming of music is interrupted by its advertisers’ ads. Specifically, with respect to Rhapsody, once logged on, it plays all day long and the user can create personalized radio stations. Although some notable artists are missing on Rhapsody and some other prominent subscription services (e.g., The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, and AC/DC), they are rapidly increasing content every day. Generally, these services pay $0.01 to the record label each time a recording is streamed. With respect to downloading, generally, the iTunes royalty formula applies. Although permanent royalty rates are still being worked out between the record labels and some of their artists as the industry evolves more into the digital realm, a partial list of interactive digital subscription services and information pertaining to approximate royalty rates and fees can be found by logging onto www.cdbaby.net. Once logged on, click on “Sell Your Music” and then click on “Partner Companies.” As a matter of fact, the information presented on the www.cdbaby.net website is very informative with respect to digital distribution of music and I even urge many of my colleagues to review this information.


Internet Radio Stations and Non-Interactive Subscription Services

Terrestrial radio is a “regular” radio station – No performance royalties are paid to recording artists or owners and controllers of sound recordings. Performance royalties are only paid to songwriters and music publishers through ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC. Very few terrestrial radio stations have corresponding Internet radio stations that broadcast the station over the Internet waves. (According to Ron Gertz of Royalty Logic, only about 600 radio stations out of 16,000 were making Internet simulcasts as of September 2006) Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1995 (“DMCA”), Congress provided for a “Webcasting Royalty” to be paid to the owners and/or exclusive licensees of master recordings being streamed. - Webcasting royalties are only paid for “non-interactive” radio and subscription services. Unlike Rhapsody and Napster’s interactive services, the consumer cannot pick and choose which particular songs or artists he wants to hear. - The two FCC-approved non-interactive satellite digital subscription services are XM Satellite and Sirius. In addition to Sirius and XM, there are also non-interactive music subscription services available via most digital cable television lines and similar services via satellite transmission for DirecTV and Dish Network. These services, referred to as “pre-existing satellite subscription services” (or “PES”) are MusicChoice and Muzak. Originally, there was a third PES service, DMX but they filed for bankruptcy and Capstar purchased some of their assets. It is currently under dispute whether or not Capstar can be a “PES” since it is not a successor to DMX. Other services, including Sirius, who are now providing background music channels to DirectTV and Dish Network have also taken the position that they can be a PES even though all PES services were named in the original 1995 statute. NOTE: The foregoing information could be obsolete very soon. [96]

Record Labels and Social Media

DJ Khaled (left) The Weeknd (right)

[[8]]

Social media is a popular and growing industry and music corporations such as Universal Music Group, Sony Music, and Warner Music Group have all become further involved with social media to stay relevant in the music industry. New Media is very important in music and record labels often have dedicated social media managers to update and maintain the label's social media pages as well as their artists' social media pages. Companies like Warner Music Group have partnered up with Snapchat since the addition of "Stories" to Snapchat. Warner Music Group utilized Snapchat Stories to post news about their artists and sharing what was currently popular in the music industry. Another example of Snapchat being used in the music industry is The Weeknd. Upon his signing, Snapchat created a story for The Weeknd to share his activities. Another instance of an artist utilizing Snapchat is DJ Khaled. DJ Khaled started snapping his daily life which gains a mass following of users after he became lost at sea and snapped the entire ordeal. With Snapchat, DJ Khaled quickly became one of the most followed people on the app. As a result of Snapchat, his star grew brighter than ever leading to deals with Apple and a record deal with Jay-Z's label. [97].


Education

New Media in Music Program

The New Media Program offers an intellectually challenging and artistically stimulating experience across disciplines that focuses on creativity with new media. Courses include Electronic Sound, Digital Sound, Synthesis and Composition, Interactive Music; Studio for Interrelated Media, Sound and Cinema, Sound Installation, and Private Instruction in Electronic Music and New Media offered by St. Cloud State University. Another college that offers programs in new media is the University of Michigan, where you can take the New Media and New Literacies course. This course prepares students in understanding how new media and technology contributes towards changing the lives of others and the development of creativity. Students learn how to apply technology to better understand the education system by creating and designing potential new media platforms. Additionally, a staff member mentors the student so that he/she can build skills and gain knowledge on the benefits of new media. [98]

[[9]]

Book

Music for New Media: Composing for Videogames, Web Sites, Presentations and Other Interactive Media

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(Berklee Guide). Videogames, web sites, and other new media are creating more opportunities for contemporary music writers than have ever existed before. In this book, you will learn to write effectively for these new forms, mastering the devices, sounds, and techniques for supporting stories and responding to user actions. It details the technical and dramatic requirements necessary for each type of new media. In engaging language, illustrated by countless real-world examples and practical workshops, writers at all levels will find ways to create music for new markets, and find new opportunities for creative expression. Guided hands-on projects will help you create music in all these forms. A CD of examples and practice files illustrate all concepts and lets you practice the techniques. Readers will learn to: * Score videogames, developing music for different characters, addressing the standard types of scenes and cues, and the formats required by game publishers * Develop music for web sites, including HTML and Flash code * Use sound technologies within mobile devices to create distinctive ringtones and other sounds * Create demos and portfolios for getting clients.

Korean Folk Music

Folk.png


Korean folk music represents the soul and sound of traditional Korean villages with various forms of instrumental pieces, pansori, and shaman ritual music. Some of the most prominent pieces and folk music forms are as follows: Pansori, Sinawi, Folk Songs, Sanjo, and Chunhyangga

[99]

Pansori

Pansori.png

Pansori is an epic narrative song form unique to Korean music culture. Musicologists do not necessarily agree on the origin of the music form but one recent theory suggests that it developed out of Korea's story-telling tradition that storytellers gradually began to include musical elements to make their performances more captivating for the audience. The development of Pansori was strongly influenced by shaman rituals as illustrated by common elements, which exist in both music forms. In addition, Pansori was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries and documents show us that there were originally 12 works but today only 5 works remain in performance practice. It is two performers tell one of five folk stories. These works are performed entirely by a single vocalist accompanied by a barrel drum which is rather challenging as full performances can last up to 8 hours in some cases. The text of four of the remaining works are traditional Korean stories while the fifth work is based on a traditional Chinese story. The five remaining works of Pansori are Song of Chunhyang, Song of Shimchong, Song of Heungbo, the Underwater Kingdom, and Song at Red Cliff.

Sinawi

Sinawi.png

Sinawi is a traditional form of Korean music. Sinawi is an instrumental music form used in shaman ceremonies to accompany dancing and to help bring the shaman to a higher state of consciousness. The music is highly improvisational and the instruments weave together a thick layer of melodies played over the rhythms of a janggu. However, today other traditional Korean instruments such as the gayageum and geomungo are also often included. Sinawi also influenced the development of both pansori and sanjo music forms.

[100] [101]

KPOP

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KPOP is also known as Korean Pop music originating from South Korea. While it includes the words pop music, it is not exclusive to just pop music. KPOP is influenced by rock, jazz, hip-hop, R&B, folk, country, classical, etc. KPOP began in 1996 with the boyband H.O.T and it continued to grow and along with it emerged three major companies, JYP, SM, and YG which dominated and continued to produce more and more idol groups and solos. KPOP became widely recognized throughout Asian countries and even gained some popularity in Western countries. This is also known as the Hallyu or "Korean Wave" which not only includes KPOP but the general popularity of Korean culture. In the late 2010s is when KPOP became recognized worldwide with groups like BTS and Blackpink. KPOP culture is very different compared to Western music culture with KPOP having fan signs, complex choreographies, group dynamics, fan chats, light sticks, etc. Despite it being different KPOP continues to grow internationally, with groups gaining more and more international fans. K-pop is composed of girl groups, boy groups, and singers such as Girls’ generation, Black Pink, EXO, BTS, IU, and so on. Groups and solo artists create their own styles to express their music. A group usually consists of four or more members, and there is a leader and each member has a role. In South Korea, people use the English word “Idols” to describe famous groups of any kind. In addition, in 2012, Psy was one of the famous Korean pop music singer that led huge trend with a song named "Gangnam style". He brought favoritism of the Korean pop music to United States that led whole world recognize him and interests and excitement for K-Pop music. In addition, He was the first Korean singer who performed in New Year's Eve in Time Square ball drop.

KPOP has been using media and technology to assist, in music shows and during these trying virtual times. Korea has music shows in which artists perform and win trophies based on various aspects such as album sales, plays, professionals' opinions, and popularity vote. Many of these programs have their own apps in which people all over the world are able to vote for their idols. KPOP idols often upload videos onto YouTube where they will do dance practices, sing-along fan chants, and games. They are also active on Instagram, posting pictures of them practicing, filming, doing Instagram Lives, posting teasers, etc.

Now that their audience has expanded internationally, entertainment companies have utilized media to communicate with their international fans. They use a very popular video streaming service called V Live, where artists can upload videos and do spontaneously or even planned live videos. They have also started to do online fan signing in which fans get to meet with their idols for a couple of minutes on the phone.

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